ABBREVIATIONS
[ laboratory
+ & others; & other aspects
* many
*d polyploid
1d haploid
2d diploid
3d triploid
4d tetraploid
6d hexaploid
*n repetition
*a polyandry
*o multiple oviposition
*S polyspermic
> decrease; low
> anti- e.g.
>b antibody
>m antagonism
>t competition
< increase; high
>< decline, loss
<> expand; span (e.g. with Lf)
<< anterior
>> posterior
^ sensu lato; see other initials
^^ system; anatomical region (also s^)
^t altitude
^v vertical distribution
= identical (e.g. genes)
=? what is ?
/= not equal
/ editor
AA aminoacids
aa area
Ab abnormal
AB antibiotic
aB anabolic
ab albumin
Ac Acarina
ac activity; activation
AC adrenocortico
ACTH ACTH
Ad adhesion
aD adipose
ad adult
! advertisement call
Ae aestivation
aE abnormal embryo; teratology
af afferent
Ag aggression; competition
ag age
aG antigen
AG autografts
AH adenohypophysis
aH androgenic hormones
ai animal pole
aI anion
Ak alkaloids
ak actin
Al alimentary; gut; alimentation
AL acusticolateralis
al nutrition; food
Am amplexus
am accumulation; storage
aM allometry
An anatomy; structure
an aneuploid
aN anucleolate
AN animal
<< anterior
Ao auditory ossicle; columella
Ap Acanthocephala
ap bee (with Pr)
aP anterior pituitary
Aq aquarium; water; wetland
aq water quality
Ar art
AR adrenal; interrenal
aR autoradiograph
ar arthropod
As asperites
AS autonomic system
as assay; amount; assessment
At adaptations, acclimations
at atlas vertebra
AT ATP
aT alimentary tract
Au auditory; ear; hearing; acoustics
Av Aves
Aw award
Ax axis; polarity
ax axis vertebra
Ay analysis
aZ allozyme/s
Az allozyme/s
B- B-cell
Ba bacteria
Bb bibliography
bb publications
Bc buccal
bc blastocoele
BC biochemistry
Bd body
bd bands
bD biodiversity = Bv
Bf buffer; acid-base
Bg biogeography
bg biography
Bh breathing cf. ventilation
Bi biology
Bk book
Bl blastula; blastulation
bl blastema
bL basement lamella/membrane
Bm biometry
bm blastomeres
BO Bidder's organ
BP buccal pump
Bp biophysics
bP buccopharynx
Br bronchus
bT biotoxins
Bu burrowing
bu bulb, e.g. olfactory
Bv biodiversity = bD
Bx branchiae; gills
Ca calcium cf.20
CA cytoarchitecture
ca carpus
Cb cannibalism
cB catabolic
CC cytochemistry
cc cyclic; periodic (cy, Kk)
cC cell contact
Cd coordination; cooperation
cd crocodile
Ce cerebral; brain; cephalon
ce cenozoic caenozoic
C. centromere
cE coevolution
CF corticotrophic factor; CRF
cf configuration, pattern
Cg catalogue
cG cinematography; cine film
CG congress; meeting
cg cement gland
Ch chemistry
CH carbohydrate
ch change
cH cohabit
Ci ciliate
ci cilia
cI cation
Ck cytokinesis
cK cell movement
Cl classification
cl classes, kinds
CL cladistics
C/ cleavage
cl climate
cL cell lineage
Cm commensal
CM computer map
cM cytomembrane
cm cell migration; cell movement
Cn cranium; cranial
CN central nervous system
cn cocoon
Co collection
co control
+> complement
Cp cephalic; head
cp comparative
CP cytophysiology
cP cytoplasm; cytoplasmic
CQ quarternary
cq corpus
Cr cardiac; heart
cr carotid
MC cretaceous
cR chemoreceptor
Cs cestode
cs costal; rib
CS computer simulation
cS cytoskeleton
Ct cartilage
CT carpus & tarsus
cT connective tissue
ct computer
Cu culture; care; maintenance
cu current
Cv conservation
cv convergence
Cw crowd (CwEf crowd effect); aggregation
cw communication
Cx connexion; linkage; contact
CX cortex
cX coexistence; resource-partitioning
cx complex (with LH etc.)
Cy cytology; cells
cy cycle; cyclin; periodic = cc
CZ comparative zoology
cz crypsis
D* DNAs
Da data
da date
Db loudness
Dc description
dc duct
dd dependent
dD digital disc
De dental; teeth
de degeneration
Df differentiation
df defence
Dg digenea
DG demography
Di disease; pathology
di diversity; differences
dj disjunct; vicariance
Dk diencephalon
Dm dermal; skin
dm dimorphism
DN DNA
dn department of nature
Do dorsal
dO dermal bones
Dp diptera
dp displaced
Dr direct (with Dv etc.)
dr directional; direct
DR development & regeneration
Ds distribution
DS dissertation
ds desert
Dt digit
DT dictionary
dt distal
Du duplication
du amplification
Dv development
dv diverticulum
Dy dynamics
dy discovery
EA embryo and adult
Eb epipubis
Ec ecology; environment
ec ectodermal; ectoderm; cortex
EC errata corrigenda
Ed education
ed endodermal; endoderm
eD epidermal; epithelial
Ef effect
ef efferent
Eg energy; energetics
eh eco-hazards, e.g. roads, dams, canals
Ej ejaculate
El electric
el epithelium
Em embryo; embryonic; embryology
em ethmoidal
EM electronmicroscopy
En endocrine; endocrinology
en endemic
eo eocene
Ep epiphysis
ep electrophoresis
EP ecophysiology
Eq equilibrium
Er erythrocytes
es estuary
ES endosymbiont
Et ethology
et -ectomy
eT thymectomy
Ev evolution
ev evaporation
Ex external
ex export
Ey eye
Ez enzyme
Fa factor
fa faeces
Fb fibre
fb fynbos
Fc fecundity
fc facilitation
Fd field
Fe female
Ff filter-feeding; suspension-feeding
FF form & function
Fg figure
fg flagellates
FG field guide
fg flagellates
FH follicle-stimulating hormone
Fi filaria
fi fire
Fl flora
fl filaments
Fm form; pattern
FM functional morphology; structure & function
fm family
fM fluorescence microscopy
Fn fauna
fN foam nest
fo formula
fr forest
Fs fusion; parabiosis
Ft fertilization
ft function
Fu fungi
fu refuge
FW fresh water
fx fiction
Ga gastric
Gb globin
Gc germ cell
gc glycogen
Gd gonad
Ge geology
gf graft
Gg ganglion
gg gregarious
gG gynogenesis
GH growth hormone
gH gynaecogenic hormone
Gl gland
gl glucose
Gm gamete
Gn genetics; genes; genome; inheritance
gn genus
Gp group
Gr growth
gr graded
Gs gastrula
Gt gonadotropin; gonadotropic
gu guide
gv gravity
G+ centrifugation
Gx gas exchange
Gy gynogenetic; maternal
Gw Gondwana
H+ acid
Ha Harderian gland
HA hermaphrodite
Hb hyobranchial
hb habitat
Hc histocompatibility
hc holocene
HC histochemistry
He hepatic; liver
he heterotopic
Hg haemogregarines
hg homograft
HG histogenesis
hG haemoglobin
Hi hibernation
hi history
Hl helminth
hl heal
Hm haematology; blood
Hn honour, see Aw award
Ho hormone
ho homeotic
Hp hypophysis; pars anterior
hp herpetology; herpetological
HP histophysiology; histophysiological
Hq tissue water
Hr hirudinea
hr hyper-
HR horse radish peroxidase
hR historadiography
Hs histology; tissues
hs host
Ht histone
ht hypothesis
Hu human
Hx homeobox
hx hexapoda (insecta)
Hy hyoid
Hz haematozoa
I iodine
I+ anions
I- cations
ia intra-
iA interaction; interactive, agonistic
Ic induced; induction; initiation
IC insect coleoptera
iC immunochemistry
Id identical
ID identification; marker
id independent
ie inter-
If immunofluorescence
if information
Ig immunoglobulins
ig integument
Ih inhibition
IH immunohistochemistry
Ii ilium
Ij injections
ik intercalary
Il illustrations
il internal
Im immunology
im immunity
In insulin
in implantation
Io ions
IO high salinity
Ip import; uptake
ip incorporation
iP iridiophores
Ir iris
iR interrenal
IR ionic regulation
Is insolation; basking
is island
IS iliosacral
It intestine
it initiation
Iv inversion
iv intravum (vital) dye; in vivo
iV in Vitro
Ix index; catalogue
iZ isozyme
Ja jaw
JA juveniles and adults
Jc larvicide
Jn junction; articulation
Jr journal
Ju juvenile
Kb cybernetics; feedback
Kd keratodont
Ke
Kk cyclic (also cc and cy)
Kn kin recognition
Ko control
Kr keratin; claws; krallen
kr karst
Kt karyotype
Ky key
Kx cortex
kX cytochrome
La linea alba
la lacertilia
Lb labyrinth
lb lumbar; lumbo-sacral
Lc leucocytes
LC life-cycle; life history
lc localities; location
le lentic; standing water
Le lens
Lf life
Lg lingual; tongue
lg ligament
LH luteal hormones
lH lymph heart
Li lithium = 03
li linguitalid
lk lake
Ll lateral line
ll lowland
Lm limb
>L hindlimb
<L forelimb
lm limnos; limnological
LM laser scanning microscopy
Ln lens
ln linkage
Lo locomotion
lo lotic; flowing water
Lp lipid
Lr learning
Ls list
LS life span
Lt lethal
lt literature
Lu lumen
Lv larva
Lw law
Ly lymph; lymphatic
ly lysosomes
Lx larynx
lx light
Ma mammal
ma magnetism
Mb metabolism
mb membrane
Mc microscopy
MC mesozoic cretaceous
mC myocardium
mc miocene
Md model
md mesoderm; mesodermal
MD medical
mD mitochondrial DNA
Me melanin; melanophore
me meiosis
Mg monogenea
MG morphogenesis
mg migration
Mh Mauthner's fibre
MH melanotropic hormone
Mi mitosis
mi mitochondrion; mitochondrial
MJ mesozoic jurassic
Mk monkey
mK mesencephalic
mk myelencephalic
Ml male
ml moult
Mm membrane
mm memory
mM myelinated nerve
Mn manus
mn melanotonin
Mo mollusca
mo molecular; molecule
MO medulla oblongata
Mp morphology
MP structure & function
mp map
Mq marked; markers
Mr marine
mr mortality
mR mitochondrial RNA
Ms measurement; quantitative
ms messenger
MS melanophore-stimulating; melanotropin
Mt metamorphosis
MT mesozoic triassic
mt mountain
mT microtubules; centriole
Mu museum
mu mutant
Mv movement; mobility; motility
MW molecular weight
Mx melanophore expanding/expansion
mx mechanics; mechanism
MX Meckel's cartilage
My myology; muscle
my mythology
Mz mesozoic
N nitrogen
NA nucleic acid
Na sodium = 11
Nb numbers & ratios
nB neurobiology
nb status
Nc nucleotides
nc neural crest
Nd nest
nd neurectoderm; neural plate
Ne nematode
NE neurendocrine
ne neoteny
NF neural fold; neural plate
ng new genus
Nh neurohypophysis/ial
nh neurohumours
nH natural history
NI neural induction
nl nucleolus
Nm neuromasts
nm normal
NM nitrogen metabolism
Nn nomen/nomina
no notochord
NP national park; conservation area
nP neurophysiology
np neuropeptides
Nr neuron
nr neurula; neurulation
NR nature reserve
NS nervous system
Ns nasal
ns new species
nS neurosecretion
Nt note
NT normal table
Nu nucleus; nuclear
Nv nerve
NV normal values
nv nova
NX nitrogen excretion
nX nonsynchronous
Ob obituary
ob observed
Oc otocyst
Od oviduct
OD oral disc
Oe oestrogen
Og organ
og organization
OH alkali; alkaline
Oi origin
Ol olfaction
OM optomotor
On oviposition
Oo oocyte
Op ophidia
OP oxygen pressure
Or orientiation
or organiser
OR osmotic regulation; osmosis
Os osteology; bone
OS osmotic stress
Ot otic; ear
ot otolith
Ov ovum
OV organ of Vitali; paratympanic
Oy ovary
P phosphorus; phosphate
Pa parasite
pa palaeocene
pA polyamines
Pb parabiosis
lead = 82
pB palaeobiology
Pc pectoral
pC parental care
PC physiological chemistry
pc precursor
Pd predator
pd pars distalis
pD pronephric duct
pe permeability
pE palaeoecology
Pf peripheral
Pg pigment
pg prostaglandins
PG palaeogeography
pG parthenogenesis
Ph physiology
PH platyhelminthes
ph photograph
pH pH
Pi pineal
pi pars intermedia
Pj project
Pk park
pK prosencephalon
Pl palaeontology; fossil
pl pleistocene
pL prolactin
Pm polymorphism
pm permeability
PM postmortem
pM plasma membrane; cell wall
Pn lungs; breathing
pn pancreas
Po pollution
po post-
>> posterior
Pp population; demography; community
pp peptide
pP polypeptide
Pq physique; condition
pq pterygoquadrate
Pr prey
pr protein
PR progress report
Ps pes
ps pisces
pS polyspermic
PS postage stamp
Pt pituitary
pt proportion
Pu publications
pu abstracts
Pv pelvic
Px pharynx
px phalanx
Pz protozoa
Ra races
RA reflex arc
rA reaction; response
RB Rohon-Beard (with Nr)
rb ribosomal
Rc record
rc receptor; reception
Rd radiation
rd radiation (distribution)
RD rostrodonts
rD ribosomal DNA
Re renal; kidney (Rn)
re reptile
Rf reference
rf reflex
Rg regeneration
rg regression
Rh rhythm
rh rheophilic
Ri river; riparian
rI radio isotope
rj rejection
rK rhombencephalon (Rk)
Rl regulation
rl replication
Rm resumé; summary
rn rain; rainfall
Ro rotate
ro route
Rp reproduction
rp report
rP reprint
Rq request
rR ribosomal RNA
Rs research
rs resorption; degeneration; retrogression
RS reproductive system
rS restriction site
Rt retina
rt rate
r+ repetition
Ru rudiment; rudimentary
ru rules; constitution
Rv review
rv reversal
Rx respiration (metabolism)
Ry redundancy
Rz Reize; stimulus
Sa saltation
sa salt
sA subaqueous
Sb submerged
sb subterranean
Sc science
SC spinal cord
sc secretion
sC stereochemistry
s^ scansorial (system ?)
Sd stage
sd solifugid
Se selection
se separate; septum
SE saccus endolymphaticus
sE synergy
Sf surface
sf specificity
Sg surgery
sg segment/s; segmentation
sG segmental ganglia
Sh shape; pattern
Si signal; sign
si siblings
Sk skeleton (skin > Dm)
sk skotophobia
Sl selection (Se)
sl speleology; cave; cave-dwelling
Sm somites
sm somatometry
SM scanning microscope
Sn senses
sn spleen
SN sympathetic nervous system
sN segmental nerves
So social
so somatic
Sp sperm
sp species
-- spacer; spacing
SP symposium
sP meeting
Sq sequence
sq status quo; stable; fixed
Sr serum; serology
sr serotonin
Ss seasonal
SS schreckstoff
ss somatoscopy
St steroid
st strategy
Su survey
su suspension
SV standard values
sv starvation
sV sacral vertebra/e
Sw swimming
Sx sex
sx section
sX synchrony
Sy systematics
sy synonymy
S^ system
Sz size
sz sporozoa
T- T-cell
Tb table
TB tuberculosis; mycobacteriosis
Tc technique & equipment
tc tectum opticum
Td tadpole
td trade
tD transduction
Te territoriality; home range; homing
te terrestrial
Tg tongue > see Lg
tg teratogenic
Th thyroid; thyroid gland
TH thyroid hormone
ti title only
Ti time; timing
Tk tentacle
tK telencephalon
Tl tail
tl translation
Tm temperature; heat
T< hotter
T> colder
tm thymus
To toxin
to torrent
TO tolerance
Tp trypanosome
tp transport
TP time
Tr trematode
TR thyroid-regulating (hormone); thyrotropin-releasing
tr tropics
tR thermoregulation
Ts testis
tS transcription
TS thyroid-stimulating
Tt test
TT thyreotropic; same as TS
tt tertiary
Tu tumor; cancer; carcinoma
TV television
Tx taxonomy
tx taxon/taxa
Ty types
UA uric acid
UB ultimobranchial (bodies)
uB urinary bladder
UC ultracentrifuge
Ud undesirable; pest; problem animal
UG urinogental
Uk unknown; underknown; cryptic
Uq unique
Ur urea; ureotelic
ur urine
Us urostyle
US ultrastructure
Ut utility
ut uricotely
UV ultraviolet
vA vernacular Afrikaans, etc.
Va vascular; circulation
va variety; diversity
Vb vertebra/e
vb viability; capacity
vB vocal behaviour = VoEt
VC vertebral column
vc bladder
vC visceral cartilage
Ve ventral
ve veterinary
vg vitellogenin; vitellogenic
Vi virus
vi vitamin
vl vlei
Vm venom
vm volume
Vn vein
vn vernacular
Vo vocalizations
vo velocity; speed
Vp viviparity
vp vegetal pole
vP vasopressin
VP vocal pouches
Vr variation
vr ventral root
Vs vision
vS vocal sac
Vt vertebrate
vt ventilation
Vv vivarium
vv alive
vV viability
Wc wechsel; change
Wd word, term
WL wetlands
WQ water quality
Wu wound
Wv wave
WW WW chromsomes
X exchange
Xa xanthophore
xA extra-aquatic
Xc excretion
xC extracellular
xc clean
Xd hybrid; crossed
Xe xeric
XG xenografts (xG)
Xh exhibition; exhibit; demonstration
xh expression
Xl chronology
xl external
Xm chimaera
xm chordamesoderm
Xn cartilage
xn xeno-
XN excretion of Nitrogen
Xo exotic
xo chelonia
Xp expedition
xp experimental (e.g. synthetic sound)
Xr chromsome
xr chromatin
xR X-radiation
Xs cross section; transcet
xS excess
xs stress
Xt extinction
xt exterminate; control
XW crossword
xX extrachromosomal
XX sex chromosomes
Xy tree
X* many; cloned
Yo yolk
Yu youth